A Beginner’s Guide to Japanese Sword Appraisal – Quick Reference Chart (早見表, Hayami-hyō)
Appraising a Japanese sword (日本刀, Nihontō) can be a daunting task due to its complexity and depth. However, understanding a few key visual and structural elements can help beginners evaluate the quality and characteristics of a blade more efficiently.
The chart below summarizes essential appraisal points based on the guidelines used by traditional appraisal groups such as the Nihon Token Hozon Kai (日本刀剣保存会).
Jigane (地鉄) – Steel Surface and Grain Structure
High: Finely forged with visible, elegant forging patterns (鍛え肌, Kitae-hada). Clean and tightly refined.
Medium: Generally well-forged, but may have minor flowing or cloudy areas.
Low: Coarse structure with noticeable inconsistencies or poorly defined grain.
Hamon (刃文) – Temper Line
High: Bright, clear, and consistent. Nie (沸) or Nioi (匂) are well-defined.
Medium: Visible but may be uneven or faint in parts.
Low: Dull or poorly defined, lacking vitality.
Boshi (帽子) – Tempering at the Tip
High: Well-balanced and clearly defined with elegant shape.
Medium: Acceptable shape but less clarity or sharpness.
Low: Blurry or unbalanced appearance.
Horimono (彫物) – Carving or Engravings
High: Deep, expressive, and harmoniously placed carvings.
Medium: Present but somewhat shallow or lacking detail.
Low: Rough or poorly balanced.
Sugata (姿) – Overall Shape and Proportions
High: Graceful, well-proportioned, and elegant silhouette.
Medium: Acceptable balance but lacking strong character.
Low: Awkward proportions or weak aesthetic appeal.
Mei (銘) – Signature of the Swordsmith
High: Clearly and skillfully inscribed with dignity.
Medium: Slightly misaligned but legible.
Low: Crude, messy, or unidentified signature.
Notes for Appraisal:
The appraisal should be done holistically — no single category determines the overall quality of the blade.
Special attention should be paid to Jigane (地鉄) and Hamon (刃文), as they are central to identifying craftsmanship and school.
This reference chart is designed for beginners and educational purposes only. For formal appraisal or certification, consult a recognized organization or expert.
Reference:
This chart is an original reorganization based on materials published by the Chubu Branch of the Nihon Token Hozon Kai (日本刀剣保存会 中部支部).
This chart is an original reorganization based on materials published by the Chubu Branch of the Nihon Token Hozon Kai (日本刀剣保存会 中部支部).